Prepper's Armory: Iron Sight Types

The earliest firearms were simply pointed rather than aimed, but as technology matured and new concepts were developed, sights started to appear. At first they were similar to what we would think of as shotgun sights today: more of a guide to make sure the shot went in the right general direction than an actual sight for accurate shooting. As rifled arms became more common, however, better sights were needed.

Some of the earlier styles of iron sights are still with us. For example, the Patridge sight (no, not partridge like the bird) was named after 19th century target shooter and inventor E. E. Patridge and consists of a square post front sight and a rectangular notch rear sight (figure B in the illustration below). Nearly every iron sighted pistol, and many rifles, still use this design.

There are also more recent additions to the handgun iron sight family, such as the Steyr Trapezoidal sight  (figure G in the illustration below). Similar to the Patridge system with a front post and rear notch, the difference here is the shape of those two elements. The front sight is pyramidal, while the rear sight has a similarly-shaped cutout.

A selection of open sights, and one aperture sight suitable for use with long eye relief:
A) U-notch and post, B) Patridge, C) V-notch and post, D) Express, E) U-notch and bead,
F) V-notch and bead, G) trapezoid, H) ghost ring. The gray dot represents the target.

The Buckhorn and Semi-Buckhorn are named for the curved elements on the rear sight that extend up and around, containing the view of the front sight. The arms of the Buckhorn come close to meeting at the top, while the semi-Buckhorn is more open. While the former version of this sight has fallen from common use, the latter style is still frequently found on modern production lever action rifles.

Buckhorn sight

Semi-Buckhorn

For anyone who's ever attended a Cowboy Action match with a long range component, they've probably seen shooters using a tang-mounted aperture sight, sometimes called a Vernier sight. By positioning the rear sight on the wrist of the stock, it gives a much longer sight radius than the usual rear sight location near the chamber of the barrel, and can be removed or folded down when not in use.

It is a precision mechanism, and was one of the earliest finely-adjustable precision rifle sights available.

https://tinyurl.com/meu3xch6

This sighting system is complemented with the addition of one of a variety of front sights, usually inside a protective tube or hood and frequently combined with a spirit level for consistent levelling of the rifle. This sight is mounted at the traditional location, the muzzle end of the barrel. 

https://tinyurl.com/4drfpxak

Receiver sights were, as the name implies, mounted to the side and top of the rifle's receiver. These sights, also commonly called peep sights, allowed hunters to make accurate "snap shots" relatively quickly, even in low light conditions. As with the tang sights, many receiver sights were also capable of precise adjustments. This style of sight is the conceptual predecessor of our modern Ghost Ring sight.

https://www.midwayusa.com/product/1006000453

There have been more sight designs over the years in addition to these. Some withstood the test of time, while others did not.

In my next post I will explain how to look through the sights and put them on the target, aka sight alignment and picture. 

Finding the Angle

Not actually Erin.

Picture by KJ Photography

& is used with permission.

Special thanks to George Groot for double-checking my math and helping with clarity. 

I realized that my previous post referenced using azimuths to find an angle without explicitly showing how to do that. I will attempt to explain the process, but please understand that math is not my best subject, and I may flail verbally about while trying to make my point. 

Triangulation is a process used in surveying and navigation which uses triangles (hence the name) to determine the coordinates of a point. You need two known angles and one known side length (or distance) to do this, creating a triangle which allows us to use trigonometry to solve for the other angles and distances. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_(surveying)

Let us assume that you need to find the distance to the boat in the illustration above. How do you do that without a rangefinder?

1) Starting at point A, shoot an azimuth to the boat and record it. 

2) Using your compass, you turn right 90° and march toward point B. I recommend 10 yards, as it is a short enough distance that your bearing will not vary too much, and it is a nice round number that ought to make math easier. 

How will I know when I've traveled 10 yards? If you're doing land navigation, you should know your pace count per 100 yards, so just divide that by 10 and when you've walked that number of paces, you have arrived. If you don't know your pace count, this article by Lokidude will show you how. 

If the object is quite large, you might need to take more steps; I still suggest you take them in units of 10. 

I am making this slightly more complicated than it strictly needs to be, because you will need to have a straight line (d) coming from the boat that intersects line AB at a right angle. If you don't have a right angle, things will be much more complicated and outside the scope of this article, so I'm having you do a little more work now to save you a lot more grief later. 

This is the same reason I'm not having you walk until you're at 90° to the boat. What is the likelihood that you'll correctly make a 90° angle the first time? To my mind, this extra step prevents that mistake. 

3) At point B, shoot a second azimuth to the boat and record it. 

4) Shoot a third azimuth to point A and record that. 

5) In a triangle, no single angle can be more than 90°, and we're going to create a 90° angle in a moment, so angle ß cannot be larger than 90°. If it is, then subtract it from 180°. If it isn't, then subtract it from 90°. 

6) You now know angle ß. Record it. (For this example we will say it is 60°.)

7) Halve the distance of line AB to create two right-angle triangles which share a side, d. Side d is the distance you need to determine. 

8) You know the distance from B to D (the halfway point between A and B) is 5 yards. You know the measurement of angle ß. This is all you need, so now let's do some math. 

9) How much do you remember from Geometry? 

https://www.mathsisfun.com/sine-cosine-tangent.html

We need to find the length of d, which in this figure is the Opposite side. The tangent of angle ß is the quotient (the number you get as a result of division) of the Opposite over the Adjacent. 

Side note: if you ever forget, just remember SOH CAH TOA:

• Sine is the Opposite over the Hypotenuse (SOH)
• Cosine is the Adjacent over the Hypotenuse (CAH)
• Tangent is the Opposite over the Adjacent (TOA)

But we don't need to find that angle, because we know it. So we do some math jiggery-pokery:

• Tangent of Θ = O/A
• Multiply both sides by A 
• A times tangent Θ = O

Which is exactly the same formula which David's friend gave us here, just with different names for the sides. 

So going back to the original problem with sailboat distance:

We know the distance from B to D is 5 yards. 

We know the measurement of angle ß is 60°. 

Therefore, 5 times the tangent of 60° will give us the length of line d, the distance to our target. 

The tangent of 60° is 1.73205080757. Shortening that to 1.73 ought to suffice. 

Therefore, d = 5 * 1.73. 

Therefore d -- the straight line distance from shore to boat -- is 8.65 yards.

The Right Angle Theorem says that the length of the side opposite the right angle is the square of the sum of the squares of the other two sides. In other words, the famous A² + B² = C², where C is the side opposite the right angle, also known as the Hypotenuse. 

Therefore, 5² + 8.65² = C². 

Therefore, 25 + 74.8225 = C². 

Therefore, C² = 99.8225. 

Take the square root of both sides. 

C = 9.9911 yards. 

So the distance from your current position at point B to the sailboat is almost 10 yards, or 30 feet. 

This makes good intuitive sense, as solving for all angles shows that we originally had a 60/60/60 equilateral triangle, in which case the distance between A and Boat and B and Boat must be the same as the distance between A and B.

Remember, we know that we have a 90° angle and a 60° angle, and all angles within a triangle must add up to 180°, so 90 + 60 = 150 and 180 - 150 = 30, therefore the remaining angle opposite side DB must be 30°. 

Since this triangle is half of our original one, the other half must be symmetrical and therefore identical. Therefore, the angle opposite side AB is 60°. 

George Groot adds:

We can exploit this feature of angles without using a compass for short distances, such as distance across streams or small rivers, simply by using the bill of a cap to align with the distant shore and  then turning to face a point on land without moving your head. The bill of the cap swung in an arc, and the arc describes the same distance (a radius) from the central point, letting you determine a distance that you can’t walk to by walking to a point on the same arc that you can reach. This is much less math than using triangulation to find the distance, and much quicker to determine things like "Do I have enough rope to make a rope bridge?"

If trigonometric functions are confusing, an alternate way is to use "minute of angle math" to determine the distance. Starting at point A, shoot an azimuth to your unknown distance target. Turn 90 degrees to walk parallel to the target for a known distance and shoot a second azimuth to the target. Subtract the smaller angle from the larger angle to get the "inside angle" of the target to your known distance. 

Since one minute of angle is roughly one inch at one hundred yards, if your known distance was 10 feet (120 inches) and your angle was 1 degree (60 minutes) you know that your unknown distance to the target is 200 yards away (60 minutes = 120 inches at 200 yards). This method requires a precise compass, and precise linear measurement, but it does work. 

Shooting Azimuths

Not actually Erin.

Picture by KJ Photography

& is used with permission.

Two years ago, David Blackard wrote a post about how to determine the distance to an object in the field without using a rangefinder. This involved knowing the distance and angle to another object and then using a calculator to do some complicated math. 

1. In the drawing, aligning the start point with the target and then laying out a 90 degree angle for the base is important. 
2. Measure as accurately as possible along that 90° angle to establish the base, shown as X.
3. Here is where being able to get good angle measurements is important, since this will give you the vital number that plugs into your distance equation.

This is all very well and good, but in the un-edited version of his post he talked about using a protractor to find that angle. My immediate thought was "Why not just shoot an azimuth using a lensatic compass?" Well, it turns out that David had never heard of azimuths or lensatic compasses at that point, so I sent him some links and considered the matter solved. 

As it turns out the matter is not solved, because today David posted this:

In the comments, a friend said "I have no idea what you're talking about either, but I'd love to find out." I had a bit of time, so I started briefly explaining, and by the time I was done I had a good start on a blog post, which I figured I might as well finish here. 

What is an Azimuth?

Azimuths are used in astronomy and celestial navigation (which is just astronomy with more math) in addition to land navigation, and most explanations will give a complicated answer about three dimensions. Land navigation only uses two dimensions so a simpler application gets a simpler definition. 

Put simply, an azimuth is a compass bearing. Due north is 0°, so east is 90°,  south is 180°, and west is an azimuth of  270°. You get the idea: an azimuth is the angle between north and wherever you're looking.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Compass_rose.png

What is a Lensatic Compass?

You've likely seen a lensatic compass before even if you don't know the name, as it has a very distinctive shape. Rather than describe it, here is a picture with the parts labeled. 

Land Navigation Module 2 Using a Lensatic Compass.

A lensatic compass has a useful feature where you can look through it to precisely align it with a terrain feature, then glance down to see what your azimuth to that feature is. 

Why a terrain feature? Because if you navigate towards a terrain feature instead of a compass bearing, you walk faster and safer, because your eyes are looking at where you're going rather than buried in the compass. Just be sure to check your compass every 100 yards or so to make sure you're still headed in the right direction. 

How to Shoot an Azimuth

Using a compass to find an azimuth is called "shooting", because if you do it properly you hold the compass like a firearm and aim at your target terrain feature. 

There are other ways to do it, but this method, known as the "cheek hold", is the most precise.

1. Put your thumb through the loop with your forefinger pointing alongside the compass, as shown in the picture.  
2. Bring your hand up to your cheek with the base of your thumb in the crease between your cheekbone and upper lip. 
3. Look through the window in the compass cover and find your target terrain feature
4. Line up the notch (rear sight) with the wire (front sight) and center the feature in the sights the same way you'd aim a gun.
5. Glance down through the magnifying lens to find your azimuth.

In this example the compass reads 320°, so that is your azimuth. If you want to make your life easier, rotate the bezel ring so that the luminous line is aligned with your compass arrow. With that done, you can quickly check your bearing without having to shoot a new azimuth by aligning the arrow with the line and seeing if the fixed black line is still pointing at your target. If it is, you keep walking. If it's not, something has gone wrong and you need to shoot a new azimuth. 

Back Azimuths

If you need to go back the way you came, you don't need to shoot a new azimuth. Instead, you can calculate a back azimuth:

• If the original azimuth is less than 180°, you add 180° to get a back azimuth. 
• If the original azimuth is greater than 180°, you subtract 180° from the original azimuth. 

In the example above, the original azimuth is 320°, which is greater than 180°. Its back azimuth is therefore 320 - 180 = 140°. 

With a quality compass and the knowledge of azimuths, you can make very precise measurements in the field. Combined with the formula above and a calculator with the TAN function, you can quickly determine the distance to an unknown point. 

Prepper's Pantry: Preserving Herbs and Spices

Now that harvests are pretty much complete in most of the country, it's time to start preserving our harvests. In previous posts I've talked about the equipment and process of canning, pickling, and a brief overview on spices.

Dealing with herbs and spices is fairly simple, or at least it can be. As with any food preservation process, making sure the produce is of best quality is the most important first step. Once they've been examined, sorted, and rinsed, we can move on to preservation, with different options available depending on the type of vegetation we're dealing with. Dehydrating and freezing are the two most common options, so I'll focus on those processes here.

Dehydration

Dehydration can be handled in an oven, an air fryer, or a dedicated dehydrator. If using a dehydrator, it's recommended to get one with a fan as that will considerably reduce the time required.

As with any other form of dehydration, the trick is to get as much moisture out as possible without burning or singing the product. This is one of the benefits of a dedicated dehydrator, as they generally operate at a relatively low temperature.

Before dehydrating the checked and cleaned vegetation, the next step will depend on the herb or spice in question. Those with smaller leaves, such as oregano or rosemary, get processed on the branches, while those with larger leaves, such as basil or bay, are separated from them. Parsley simply has its stems trimmed.

Once sufficiently dried (and if appropriate, the leaves removed from their branches) the next step is storage. Depending on intended use, they can be left relatively whole, crumbled by hand, or run though a spice grinder or spice mill to get more of a powder-like product.

Regardless, they need to be properly stored, since oxidation is the enemy. For ready use, spices and herbs can be placed in small, airtight jars and stored in a cool, dark place. Adding an oxygen absorber to each container can help preserve freshness. Longer term storage should be in vacuum sealed bags, also containing oxygen absorbers, and still placed in a cool, dark place.

A selection of dehydrated herbs from the author's pantry

Freezing

Another option for some leafy herbs is freezing. The leaves are separated from the stems, rinsed, and then layered in slightly damp paper towels, before being packed in Ziploc or vacuum sealed bags. These get labeled with the date and put in the freezer. Since no moisture is being removed (in fact, more is being added), herbs stored this way should be used within a few months at most; otherwise, too much flavor will be lost to freezer burn.

There's no point to growing our own herbs and spices if we lose them to spoilage. Hopefully, these tips will keep them fresh through the long winter months to come.

Cold Frames

Now that our gardens are at rest for the winter, we have time for additional garden-related projects, such as building some cold frames. These are transparent-topped, low enclosures that are used to protect plants from cold and wet conditions, like miniature greenhouses. The sides reduce the effects of cooling from wind, the top lets in light, and the whole thing limits heat loss through convection, especially at night.

Cold frames were traditionally built out from the walls of full greenhouses, and were used as part of the acclimatization of plants from the protected environment of the greenhouse to being fully outdoors. Seeds would be started in the greenhouse, and when big enough they would be moved to the cold frames, then finally to the garden. This gradual change improved survival rates considerably.

In addition to transitioning young plants in spring, cold boxes can also protect plants from early frosts or other weather conditions throughout the growing season.

A commercial cold frame

Construction of these handy structures can be fairly simple. Although kits that only need basic assembly are available, cold frames sit at the lower end of complexity as DIY projects. They can even be made entirely out of recovered materials, such as pallets and plastic sheeting.

The sides are slanted and joined to a higher back and a lower front,  ensuring the top is angled to help with water runoff. Any clear or translucent panel can be used as a lid, making this a great way to repurpose old windows, or glass doors for larger frames. The top can be hinged for easy opening, or simply latched in place. 

A cold frame can even be converted into a hot frame with the addition of a heat source, such as an outdoor rated heating blanket or heating coil.

A variety of crops respond well to containment in a cold frame, including lettuce, parsley, onions, spinach, radishes, turnips, and so forth. Depending on the size of the cold frame, one type of crop can fill the entire space, or multiple plants can be grown so they produce in sequence to ensure a more constant flow of vegetables.

When placing a cold frame, make sure the top is facing south to get as much sun as possible. If high winds are a concern, having a way to stake the frame to the ground is helpful; a few large U-Nails set into each side allow a plant stake to be run through them and into the ground.

Whether starting young plants or protecting mature ones, cold frames are a cool project for the home gardener.

CPAP Battery Solutions 2

Not actually Erin.

Picture by KJ Photography

& is used with permission.

In my previous post on this topic I stated that I was looking for a battery bank that could run my CPAP for as many nights as possible and the ability to recharge via solar panel. In the time since then and now I was able to procure such a unit, but I can't give you much of a review because as I reported elsewhere, Hurricane Nicole was a big nothing where I live; the power didn't even flicker, much less go out. 

Is it strange that I was disappointed the big, dangerous storm didn't disrupt my life more so that I could test my preps? It feels strange. Regardless, I can tell you why I picked the unit I did, and how easy it was to set up in advance of the storm. 

Rockpals Freeman 600

Like the name suggests, the Rockpals Freeman 600 banks 600W (technically 614.4 Watt-Hours) of power using a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery. Its dimensions are 13" L x 8" W x 7" high, and it weighs 20 pounds. 

https://amzn.to/3O5ygrf

It can be charged three ways:

• Anderson solar charging port (120W)
• DC, either from car outlet or wall socket with AC adapter, at 12V/8A, 96W max
• Bi-directional USB-C port at 60W, which can also be combined with one of the other charge methods to increase the wattage. 

For output it has the following: 

• Three pure sine wave 110V AC outlets (600W rated, 1000W max), 
• One car port DC output (12V/10A, 120W max)
• Two DC barrel ports (12V/5A, 60W max)
• Two USB 3.1A ports
• One USB-A 3.0 Quick Charge port (18W max)
• One bi-directional USB-C port (20V/3A, 60W max) 
• Note: the DC and USB outputs will provide power while the Freeman 600 is being charged, but the AC outlets will not. 

If you want more information, this video by Hobotech will give you all the details. 

Setting Up For the Storm

Setup was very simple, since I keep the battery next to my CPAP unit for quick use. 

1. I plugged the AC adapter in to keep the unit topped up.
2. I inserted the 12V CPAP power cord into the DC output socket.
3. I swapped the 12V cord for the AC adapter on my CPAP. 
4. I turned on the Freeman 600. 
5. I turned on my CPAP. 

Because I was using the 12V output, the AC inverter didn't need to turn on, so there was no fan noise. If you are sensitive to light, please note that while the LCD display will turn off if you hold down the Display button, there is a small green light on the 12V button that is illuminated so long as it is providing power, and there is a larger green light on the 12V power cord. Judicious use of electrical tape, however, solves this problem. 

Performance

Because we didn't lose power, the battery still read 100% when I woke up in the morning. This is in line with the Freeman 600's claim of pass-through charging, which means I can use this as an Uninterruptible Power Supply for my CPAP if necessary.

I performed this test again with the battery unplugged from the wall just to see what the power drain would be. I slept for 7.5 hours, which is actually pretty generous for how I would sleep without air conditioning after a hurricane. When I woke up, the battery was down to 79% charge, which recharged via wall plug in about 90 minutes. 

This performance gives me roughly five nights of sleep with my humidifier running at level 4, and this is without any solar recharging or further power reduction using a Heat/Moisture Exchanger to further reduce power demand. I am very happy with this result, as I figure I can easily get 7+ nights from this by using HME and solar recharging, which ought to get me through any power loss that doesn't result in the destruction of my home or complete social breakdown.

If there is interest, I could do a series of tests with these permutations:

• How many battery nights I can get running the humidifier
• How many battery nights I can get using an HME
• How many hours to recharge from near-zero with wall current
• How many hours to recharge from near-zero with solar panel

I say "near zero" because it's never good to completely discharge your battery;  I believe it reduces its lifespan.

Cost

Come, let me conceal nothing from you: the real reason I bought the Freeman 600 as opposed to a different unit is because it costs much less than others. Jackery brand is the standard in this field, and with their products you can expect to pay about a dollar for every Watt; the Freeman 600 retails for $500, and I bought mine with a $100 off coupon plus an extra 10% "Extra Savings" click which dropped the price down to $350. 

However, that has changed; now there is a $140 off coupon. You might want to wait until Black Friday or Cyber Monday to see if there are better deals then, but if you don't this is still a great price. 

Speaking of solar panels, I bought one of those, too. 

Rockpals SP003 100W Portable Solar Panel 

I haven't tested this at all; the weather was dark and overcast the morning after Nicole hit, and in the time it took for the coffee to bring me to my senses, the plugged-in battery had fully recharged. When I perform my not-plugged-in test I'll test these, too. 

https://amzn.to/3O6SlOg

These are also on sale; normally $200, they have a $35 off coupon. That drops the price to $165, or $525 if you get them with the Freeman 600. 

For the curious, a new Glock 19 retails for about $500, so when I said this would be "new gun expensive", this is what I was talking about. I'd been saving my COVID stimulus money since 2020 for something big, so I was able to afford this. If money is tight, then you can buy a 300W unit for $150 (no coupon) and a 60W solar panel that is normally $146 but has a $40 off coupon, and if you buy both then use the code P2VYV6RU at checkout for an additional 5% off of the Freeman 300 for a total of $248.50.  

I'll let you know what I think of the panels after I've tested them, but they have a good rating (4.5 stars and 2,611 reviews). Based on the research I've done and the results I've seen, I'm happy with my purchase. 

Prepper's Pantry: Tea

I recently talked about chocolates, and in my post on nuts I shared a recipe for scones. A regular companion to both of these treats is tea. 

History

Coming in second place to clean water, tea is the most commonly drunk beverage in the world. Served both hot and cold, tea is an infusion made from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (an evergreen shrub native to East Asia) soaked in hot or boiling water. While there's evidence of people imbibing tea in China for many thousands of years, for much of that time tea leaves were eaten, either raw or added to other dishes. Drinking tea as we know it today dates back to at least the Han Dynasty in China, 2500 years ago.

The vast majority of tea comes from one of two types of plants, small-leaf (C. sinensis var. sinensis) and Assam-type (C. sinensis var. assamica). According to some theories, small-leaf tea plants are thought to have diverged from Assam-type tea plants around 22,000 years ago, while Chinese and Indian Assam tea plants are estimated to have diverged 2,800 years ago.

There are also herbal teas, which are not made from Camellia sinensis and are instead infusions of fruits, leaves, or other plants such as chamomile. To help distinguish them from teas made from the tea plants, herbals are often referred to as tisanes or herbal infusions.

Tea Types

In addition to plant origin, tea is divided into categories based on processing. There are at least six different types, some of them less commonly known in the United States:

• White: wilted and unoxidized
• Yellow: unwilted and unoxidized but allowed to yellow
• Green: unwilted and unoxidized
• Oolong: wilted, bruised, and partially oxidized
• Black: wilted, sometimes crushed, and fully oxidized
• Post-fermented (Dark): green tea that has been allowed to ferment/compost

Wilted vs Unwilted: Wilting, or withering, is used to remove excess moisture from the leaves. This process promotes the breakdown of leaf proteins and increases the availability of caffeine, changing the flavor of the tea.

Oxidized vs Unoxidized: The leaves are put in a climate-controlled room where they are allowed to darken. This oxidation helps form taste and aroma compounds, which effect the color, strength, and briskness.

Aging / Curing: Some teas benefit from additional aging, fermentation, or baking to reach their optimal flavor. For example, prior to aging a tea may be bitter or harsh in flavor, but becomes sweeter and more mellow after sufficient aging.

There are also an almost infinite variety of tea blends available. My personal favorites are the Assam-based breakfast teas, including English, Irish, Scottish, and Ceylon styles. Each has their own distinct flavor profile and I enjoy them all.

A selection of the author's teas

Preparation

Tea can be procured both loose or in pre-measured bags, and is prepared in a variety of ways. Traditional tea is steeped in hot or near boiling water for a variable amount of time depending on the flavor and strength desired. Many people, myself included, add a small amount of sweetener to help cut the bitterness common to many teas; sugar (both white and brown), honey, maple syrup, and artificial sweeteners are all used.

(For those who enjoy it, I'm not going to get into the argument about whether milk should be added to the cup before or, in proper British style, after the tea. Instead, I'll leave that for Jonathan Ferguson to discuss.)

 

Sun tea is brewed by placing tea and water in a clear glass container which is left to sit in sunlight, and has what many consider to be a softer flavor.

Iced tea is usually brewed in hot water, cooled as a separate step, then served over ice. In the south, several teaspoons of this is added to a cup of sugar. This beverage is colloquially known as sweet tea.

Storage

As with so many other items, storage conditions and type determine the shelf life of teas. In general, the lighter the tea, the shorter the storage time, however herbal teas have a broad shelf life due to their wide variety of ingredients.

The best way to preserve freshness is to store the tea, as usual, away from heat, light, air, and moisture. If kept properly, black tea may last two years before starting to lose flavor, while the lightest tea will start to deteriorate in less than a year. 

Something discussed in many of our other articles is using oxygen-absorbers, vacuum sealing, and refrigeration in air-tight containers, all of which can extend storage times.

Benefits

Over the years, there have been a number of discussions on the healthful benefits of drinking teas. For the most part, they were dismissed as unsubstantiated; however, a recent study may revise that perception.

So pour yourself a cuppa, get an appropriate snack, sit back with a good book, and relax.

Book here: https://amzn.to/3NUlkon

Tool Substitutions

Not actually Erin.

Picture by KJ Photography

& is used with permission.

One of the "joys" of middle age is a loss of flexibility, strength and resilience, and a corresponding increase in aches, pains, and susceptibility to injury. One of the many ways this affects me is that I must carefully consider how much weight I can carry in a Bug Out or Get Home Bag without hurting myself.

Some heavy objects, like food, are a self-correcting problem in that my pack will get lighter as I consume them. Other items, like water and shelter, are too necessary for survival to remove from my pack. The real issue for me is when I get to the "Nice to have, but are they needed?" items, typically tools like a shovel, a saw, and an axe/hatchet.

The following is not so much This is how I solved my problem and more like These are my thoughts and I'd like to know what you think.

Cutting Wood

I don't foresee the need to cut down trees as part of my Bug Out or Get Home preps, just a need to harvest and process firewood. This means I can leave the axe at home. But what about a hatchet?

https://amzn.to/3fzsWj8

Unfortunately, at this point I can't justify the weight of a hatchet, especially since it's a tool where weight is needed to do the job properly. Instead I have decided to make do with my Cold Steel Kukri Machete, which has served me well for over a decade of hard use and which I've used to chop down saplings and limb larger trees for my mother's backyard garden. I know it will chop most anything I need it to chop, and it does a better job as a hatchet then a hatchet will as a machete when clearing brush -- which is a real need for me in this dense Florida undergrowth. 

In case there's something I can't chop, I have a Corona Tools folding 10-inch saw which is sharp, lightweight (less than a pound), and quite compact. It will easily cut branches up to six inches thick, which is far more than I need it to do. 

https://amzn.to/3UmmmeC

I think that between these two tools I have a solution for cutting anything which I will reasonably need cut during an emergency which doesn't involve me staying at home. 

Moving Earth

This dilemma is a lot harder to solve than the previous one, and it has occupied my mind for a while now. The problem with camp shovels, aka entrenching tools, is that their decreased weight comes with a concurrent decrease in size in both length and width, meaning that I will be hunched over a lot and digging harder than I would with a longer, and heavier, but proper earth-moving tool. 

In other words, my back is going to be killing me regardless; I just get to choose if I want it to hurt while traveling or while digging. 

However, after an embarrassingly long time, I eventually came to this conclusion: I don't need a shovel at all. Much like with my wood cutters above, my earth moving needs will be minimal. I can't foresee myself needing to dig a pit; at most, I'll only need to dig small holes between six inches to a foot in depth (such as a cathole). I already have a tool designed for just such a purpose: a Hori Hori, which is also known as a gardening trowel. 

https://amzn.to/3U7SYsW

This is a full-tang "knife" designed for digging, with a serrated edge good for sawing through roots. I can use it to dig fire pits and latrines, cover hot coals and ash with dirt, even forage for roots and tubers with it. I gave these out as gifts for Christmas 2017, and Lokidude reviewed it in this post. 

While none of these will properly replace a shovel, an axe/hatchet, and a saw, the point of this post is that they don't need to replace anything. Instead, I just needed to re-frame my tool needs for my anticipated situations, and find something which addresses those needs while also sparing my aching back. If you find yourself in a similar dilemma, I recommend you do the same thing: stop asking yourself "How can I make X thing lighter/smaller" and start asking "Do I really need an X thing at all, or can I get by with reduced capability?"

Let me know how this turns out for you. 

Prepper's Pantry: Chocolate

Everyone knows about chocolate, one of the most popular edibles in the world. Most people like it, many love it, some can't eat it for health reasons, and a few simply don't enjoy the flavor. As a bonus, by the time this post is published Halloween will have just ended, which means all sorts of chocolate will be on sale.

History
The origin of chocolate comes from the region known as Mesoamerica, an area that ranges from central Mexico down to northern Costa Rica, where the cacao tree is native. It was harvested and processed primarily for use as a beverage by native tribes, possibly fermented in some manner.

The first European to encounter cacao was most likely Christopher Columbus, though it didn't make much impact on his return. It wasn't until Spanish interaction with the Aztecs by Hernan Cortez that chocolate became more known in Europe, though at first only as a medical treatment of abdominal and digestive issues, most likely due to its extreme bitterness.

It took a few hundred years to develop industrial processes to make chocolate both palatable and inexpensive enough for mass marketing. Today, of course, chocolate is available in a bewildering array of flavors and mixes, usually at a fairly reasonable price. It has many types including baking, dark, milk, and modeling, with these types coming in both solid and powdered forms for different uses. (There's also white chocolate, but as that's just sugar lying about being chocolate, so we won't discuss it here.)

 

A selection of the author's chocolate stash

Chocolate can pack a lot of energy in a fairly small package, especially if mixed with nuts, seeds and dried fruits as in trail mix. This makes it an excellent choice for outdoor activities such as hiking. During World War II the United States Government, in cooperation with various American chocolate companies, developed the D-Ration, a moderately palatable 4oz bar designed for use in emergencies. These came in packages of three bars of roughly 600 calories each to make a soldier's, marine's, or airman's daily ration in extreme situations.

Storage

There are three major concerns when it comes to chocolate for emergency use: melting, going rancid, and eating it all before an emergency occurs. Proper packaging and storage can help with the first two, no power in the universe has been found to prevent the third.

Chocolate is best stored in a cool, dry, dark place, ideally between 65 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit, and should be kept in an airtight container or packaging, because chocolate can easily pick up the odors of surrounding foods. When stored in this manner, it can last quite a while: milk chocolate can stay fresh for over a year, dark chocolate for nearly two years, and filled chocolates (i.e. chocolates with a non-chocolate filling) for around three to four months. If stored in the freezer, this duration can be increased, perhaps even doubled. Of course, this assumes the chocolates don't get eaten before then. 

There are two things to keep in mind as chocolate gets old: texture and bloom. 

• Texture: As chocolate ages, some of the more liquid volatiles will escape, causing the chocolate to have a more crumbly or grainy texture. This has little to no effect on the nutritive or energy value, just the mouthfeel. 
• Bloom is a white coating that may appear on the surface of chocolate following prolonged storage. This is due to either fat or sugar migrating to the surface as the chocolate ages.

Neither of these issues are anything to be concerned about, but should be considered as part of the storage and rotation of supplies.


Chocolate can be enjoyed in many ways: as an ingredient in baked goods, in beverages, confectionary of various types, as an element of trail mix, and, of course, as a simple chocolate bar for a treat... but I think we can all agree that the best chocolate is the type you get for free  on Halloween and Valentine's Day, or on sale afterwards.